BRussels Tribunal , March 19, 2010
I pride myself in being a scientist and a researcher. I built my academic career on theories and numbers. As a teacher, I teach my students that everything is based in science – everything has a reason. That is why, I am always frustrated with myself when I find I am overwhelmed with feelings on specific topics.
One such topic is the occupation of my country, Iraq. On this subject I find that I cannot always be dispassionate. I cannot be the researcher and observer and discuss it without feelings or emotions as I am sometimes expected to do. I find myself doing research on the damages caused by the war and occupation, and my head buzzes with anger, my eyes burn with tears of desperation at the state of my country.
I decided, I would view it as a scientist. I would not attack the subject with emotion. I would let the numbers speak for themselves. This year I will sit back and play the part of the analyst- the researcher- on the topic that is closest to my heart.
We will show that the American occupation violated children’s rights on all levels, including health care, education, social security, family unity and non separation of children from their parents through detention, imprisonment and exile
For two decades, Iraqi children, along with all other elements of Iraqi society, have been subjected to grave violations of human rights.
The American occupation forces, and the occupation-assigned Iraqi government, grossly failed to fulfill their most basic duties towards the children of Iraq in accordance with the UN/CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child, Resolution 25/ Session 44, November 1989. The convention was ratified by 194 United Nations countries, except the USA and Somalia.
Principals of the CRC emphasized the need to protect children’s rights’ to life and physical, mental, moral, and spiritual development in a safe environment.
Numerous violations of Iraqi children’s rights have systematically and continuously been committed under the American occupation of Iraq.
We will show that the American occupation violated children’s rights on all levels, including health care, education, social security, family unity and the non separation of children from their parents through detention, imprisonment and exile.
1.Iraqi Children under the Economic Sanctions (1990-2003)
During the economic sanctions imposed on Iraq, the country was denied the right to import equipment, medicine, educational items, health care requirements, etc. The economic sanctions were imposed by US/UK administrations and enforced by UN resolution 661 in 1990. The sanctions committee in the UN was dominated by the USA and UK, who insisted on blocking most essentials related to human rights
2.Status of Iraqi Children under the Anglo-American Occupation of Iraq
Thirteen years of suffering and the death of more than half a million children under five as a result of economic sanctions ended with the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. Iraqi people, and children have had to face the excessive use of power, shock and awe techniques, raids, the destruction of infrastructure, burning and looting of the civil services and cultural centers of Iraq, damage to health care centers and hospitals, and sectarian killing staged by occupation intelligence. Numerous violations of Iraqi children’s rights have continuously and systematically been committed under the Anglo- American occupation of Iraq.
■ Direct killing during the military invasion operations where civilians were targeted directly. Additional casualties amongst children have resulted from unexploded ordinances along military engagement routes.
■ The direct killing and abuse of children during American troop raids on civilian areas like Fallujah, Haditha, Mahmodia, Telafer, Anbar, Mosul, and most of the other Iraqi cities[17]. The Massacre of the children in Haditha in 2005 is a good example of "collateral damage" among civilians.
■ Daily car bombs casualties, explosion of buildings and other terrorist attacks on civilians.
■ Detention and torture of Iraqi children in American and Iraqi governmental prisons. While in detention, the children are being brutalized, raped, and tortured. American guards videotaped these brutal crimes in Abu Graib and other prisons.
■ Poverty due to economic collapse and corruption caused acute malnutrition among Iraqi children. As was reported by Oxfam in July 2007, up to eight million Iraqis required immediate emergency aid, with nearly half the population living in "absolute poverty".
■ Starving whole cities as collective punishment by blocking the delivery of food, aid, and sustenance before raiding them increased the suffering of the young children and added more casualties among them.
■ Microbial pollution and lack of sanitation including drinking water shortages for up to 70% of the population caused the death of "one in eight Iraqi children" before their fifth birthday. Death of young children in Iraq has been attributed to water borne diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, etc .
■ Contaminating and exposing other heavily populated cities to chemically toxic and radioactive ammunitions. Weapons like cluster bombs, Napalm, white phosphorous, and Depleted Uranium all caused drastic increases of cancer incidences, deformations in children, multiple malignancies and child leukemia. Children in areas like Basrah, Baghdad, Nasriya, Samawa, Fallujah, Dewania and other cities have been having multifold increases of such diseases. Over 24% of all children born in Fallujah in October 2009 had birth defects.The Minister of Environment in Iraq called upon the international community to help Iraqi authorities in facing the huge increase of cancer cases in Iraq.
■ The deterioration of the health care system and the intentional assassination of medical doctors have resulted in an increased number of casualties amongst children. It has been estimated that the mortality rate amongst the population of Iraq reached 650,000 from 2003 to 2006. Another survey indicated that the total number of dead for the period of 2003-2007 is about one million. Among other cases, the failures of the health care system were specified as one of the major causes.
■ Damage to the educational system. By 2004, it was estimated that two out of every three Iraqi children were dropping out of school. Statistics released by the Ministry of Education in October 2006 indicated that only 30% of the 3.5 million students were actually attending schools. Prior to the US invasion, UNESCO indicated that school attendance was nearly 100%. Assassination of educators and academics in Iraq drove their colleagues to leave the country. This brain drain and the intended destruction of schools and the educational system is part of the well planned cultural cleansing of the Iraqi society and identity.
■ Total collapse of Iraq's economy, the sectarian violence, American troop raids on civilians, the killing of a dear family member have all deprived the children in Iraq of an innocent, carefree childhood that is the right of any child. They have to deal with family breakdowns, poverty, and a complete and total lack of security. Iraqi children are being forced to assume income generating roles because their families are suffering from hunger and poverty. They are leaving schools and having to deal with adult problems such as unemployment, manual labor, etc. This situation exposes them to hardship, and many forms of abuse. Exposure to violence on a daily basis has affected their psychological development and behavior as well.
■ The drastic increase in the number of orphans in Iraq. The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs estimated the number of Iraqi orphans to be around 4.5 million. Other estimates put them at around 5 million. About 500,000 of those orphans live on the streets without any home or family or specialized institutions to take care of them. Among these orphans, 700 are in Iraqi prisons and another 100 in American prisons.
■ The problems of families who were forced to migrate and the impact on their children. Since the invasion of Iraq, there have been about 2.2 million internally displaced people who were forced to migrate due to sectarian violence, American violence, etc. Well over two million other Iraqis were driven out of Iraq. On November 20, 2007 UNESCO reports indicated that the number of Iraqi children taking refuge in Syria alone was around 300,000. The problems of children who have been forced to migrate represent a real humanitarian crisis where a large number of families have no shelter, no finances, no health care, no education, and no security of any kind.
3.Deterioration of Living Conditions of Displaced Iraqi Children
This case study was conducted by the author with the help of the Iraqi Women Will body (IWW), an Iraqi NGO fighting for Iraqi women’s rights inside and outside of Iraq.
In October 2009, around 300 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to Iraqi families within the Yarmouk refugee area of Damascus, Syria. The researchers visited these families to ensure the accuracy of the answers and to conduct personal interviews.
You can read the case study and the conclusions on the website of The BRussells Tribunal here.
Violations of Iraqi Children Rights Under the American Occupation
Dr. Souad N. Al-Azzawi, Associate Professor in Environmental Engineering
|
March 1, 2010
For
two decades, Iraqi children, along with all other elements of Iraqi
society, have been subjected to grave human rights violations.
These
violations began with the destruction of all civil services and Iraqi
civil infrastructure by the US/UK aggression on Iraq during the Gulf
War of 1991, and were followed by the brutal economical sanctions
which deprived the people of Iraq of food, clean water, health care,
education and security.
As
a result more than half a million Iraqi children died during the
nineties [1].The thirteen years of suffering under embargo ended with
the American invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Another
form of suffering was born in 2003 under the American occupation. As
if the causalities of the excessive use of power during military
operations were not enough, the invasion operations consisted of
systematically burning and looting of civil services and
infrastructure, health care centers, schools and universities,
industrial compounds, etc [2]. As stated in UNAMI's report of
November 2006, Iraq can be described as "a nation that has been
plunged into barbarism since the US-invasion in 2003"[2].
Under
the American occupation, lack of security, sectarian violence,
deterioration of health care systems, poverty, massive imprisonments,
clean water shortages, limited or no electrical power, environmental
pollution and lack of sanitation all contributed to grave violations
to children’s rights and a drastic increase in the child
mortality rate. It has been reported that one out of eight children
in Iraq die before their fifth birthday [3].
The
forces of the American occupation, and the occupation-assigned Iraqi
government, grossly failed to fulfill their most basic duties towards
the children of Iraq in accordance with the UN/CRC Convention on the
Rights of the Child, Resolution 25/ Session 44, November 1989 [4].
The convention was ratified by 194 countries of the United Nations,
except the USA and Somalia.
Principals
of the CRC emphasized the need to protect children’s rights’
of life and physical, mental, moral, and spiritual development in a
safe environment.
We
will show that the American occupation violated children’s
rights on all levels, including health care, education, social
security, family unity and not to separate children from their
parents through detention, imprisonment and exile.
In
this report the status and violations of Iraqi children’s
rights under the American occupation is presented with special
emphasis on the problems of the Iraqi children refugees in Syria.
Iraqi
Children under the Economical Sanctions (1990-2003)
During the economic
sanctions imposed on Iraq by the USA, Iraq was denied the right to
import equipment, medicine, educational items, health care
requirements, etc. The economic sanctions were imposed by US/UK
administrations and enforced by UN resolution 661 in 1990. The
sanctions committee in the UN was dominated by the USA and UK, who
insisted on blocking most essentials related to human rights [5].
The sanction was a
war against the children of Iraq in the following ways:
According to the UNICEF, the
mortality rate of children under five during the sanctions exceeded
4000/month [6]. This comprised double the mortality rate prior to
the sanctions. A total of about half a million children died from
1990 to 1998 [7].
The blocking of vaccine
shipments for Iraqi children against diphtheria and yellow fever;
Lack of sanitation and
clean water due to the embargo of chemicals needed in for the water
purification process;
Depriving the children of
milk and quality food that helps build their immune system;
Bombing and destruction of
major infrastructure related to civilian life like electrical power
stations, communication networks, hospitals, sewage and water
purification systems, etc. all have lead to the general
deterioration of the standards of living.
Other assaults against Iraqi
children during the sanctions were in the form of frequent bombing
and killing as a result of the US/UK air raids on the civilian areas
of the No Fly Zones, south and north of Iraq. Major attacks occurred
from May 1998-2000, where the US air and the Navy forces carried out
36,000 sorties over southern Iraq, including 24,000 combat missions
[1].
Another atrocity against
Iraqi children and civil society was the bombing of the Ameriyah
Shelter in Baghdad on February 13, 1991 using the (then) new "Bunker
Bombs" [9]. This resulted in the incineration of more than 300
children.
The contamination of Iraq
with the use of radiological depleted uranium weaponry during the
1991 Gulf War. Exposure to these contaminants triggered certain
diseases amongst children such as multiple malignances, child
leukemia, congenital malformations, and more [10][11]. Multifold
increases of these diseases were registered amongst the population
of Southern Iraq, American and Iraqi veterans.
On September 26, 1995, the
UN World Food Program (WFP) reported that 2.4 million Iraqi children
under the age of five were at severe nutritional risk [12].
In October 1999, the UNICEF
reported that as of April 1997, nearly the whole population of young
children were affected by a measurable shift in the nutritional
status towards malnutrition that drove the Iraqi infant mortality
rates to the highest in the world [13].
According to the UNICEF, in
1989, the literacy rate in Iraq was 95% and 93% of the population
had free access to modern health facilities [1]. Parents were fined
for failing to send their children to school. Iraq reached a level
where the basic indications to measure the overall well being of
human beings, including children, were some of the best in the world
[1]. After the 1990 embargo, the educational system in Iraq
deteriorated drastically due to a lack of supplies, school funds,
and a difficulty in keeping up with international standards and
curriculums.
When asked if the
death of half a million Iraqi children was a price worth paying, USA
ambassador to the UN Madelyn Albright answered "We think the
price is worth it." [1].
This answer
concludes how desperate the US and UK are to control oil fields in
Iraq and all over the world.
2.
Status of Iraqi Children under the American Occupation of Iraq (2003
to date):
Thirteen
years of suffering and the death of more than half a million children
as a result of economic sanctions ended with the American invasion of
Iraq in 2003. People, and the children of Iraq, have had to face the
excessive use of power, the shock and awe techniques, raids, the
destruction of infrastructure, burning and looting of the civil
services and cultural centers of Iraq, damage to health care centers
and hospitals, and the sectarian killing staged by occupation
intelligence [15].
Numerous
violations to Iraqi children’s rights have been committed
continuously and systematically under the American occupation of
Iraq.
The
children of Iraq have been major victims of the occupation as a
result of the following:
Direct
killing during the invasion military operations where civilians were
targeted directly. Additional casualties amongst children have
resulted from unexploded ordinances along military engagement routes
[16].
The
direct killing and abuse of children during American troop raids on
civilian areas like Fallujah, Haditha, Mahmodia, Telafer, Anbar,
Mosul, and most of the other Iraqi cities[17]. The Massacre of
Haditha children in 2005 is a good example of "collateral
damages" among civilians [18].
Daily
casualties of car bombs, building explosions and other terrorist
attacks on civilians.
Detention
and torture of Iraqi children in American and Iraqi governmental
prisons. While in detention, the children are being brutalized,
raped, and tortured [19]. American guards videotaped these brutal
crimes in Abu Graib [20] and other prisons.
Poverty
due to economic collapse and corruption caused acute malnutrition
among Iraqi children [21]. As was reported by Oxfam in July 2007, up
to eight million Iraqis required immediate emergency aid, with
nearly half the population living in "absolute poverty"[22].
Starving
whole cities as collective punishment by blocking the delivery of
food, aid, and sustenance before raiding them increased the
suffering of the young children and added more casualties among them
[23].
Microbial
pollution and lack of sanitation including drinking water shortages
for up to 70% of the population [22] caused the death of "one
in eight Iraqi children" before their fifth birthday. Death of
young children in Iraq has been attributed to water borne diseases
such as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, etc [24].
Contaminating
and exposing other heavily populated cities to chemically toxic and
radioactive ammunitions. Weapons like cluster bombs, Napalm, white
phosphorous, and Depleted Uranium [25] all caused drastic increases
of cancer incidences, deformations in children, multiple
malignancies and child leukemia. Children in areas like Basrah,
Baghdad, Nasriya, Samawa, Fallujah, Dewania and other cities have
been having multifold increases of such diseases [26]. Over 24% of
all children in Fallujah born in October 2009 had birth defects
[27].The Minister of Environment in Iraq called upon the
international community to help Iraqi authorities in facing the huge
increase of cancer cases in Iraq [28].
The
deterioration of the health care system [29] and the intentional
assassination of medical doctors [30][31] have resulted in an
increased number of casualties amongst children. It has been
estimated that the mortality rate amongst the population of Iraq
reached 650,000 from 2003 to 2006 [31]. Another survey indicated
that the total number of dead for the period of 2003 - 2007 is about
one million [32]. Among other cases, the failures of the health care
system were specified as one of the major causes.
Damage
to the educational system. By 2004, it was estimated that two out of
every three Iraqi children were dropping out of school [33].
Statistics released by the Ministry of Education in October 2006
indicated that only 30% of the 3.5 million students were actually
attending schools. Prior to the US invasion, UNESCO indicated that
school attendance was nearly 100% [35]. Assassination of educators
and academics in Iraq drove their colleagues to leave the country.
This brain drain and the intended destruction of schools and
educational system is part of the well planned cultural cleansing of
the Iraqi society and identity [36].
Total
collapse of Iraq's economy, the sectarian violence, American troop
raids on civilians, the killing of a dear family member have all
deprived the children in Iraq of an innocent, carefree childhood
that is the right of any child. They have to deal with family
breakdowns, poverty, and a complete and total lack of security.
Iraqi children are being forced to assume income generating roles
because their families are suffering from hunger and poverty. They
are leaving schools and having to deal with adult problems such as
unemployment, manual labor, etc. [16]. This situation exposed them
to hardship, and many forms of abuse. Exposure to violence on a
daily basis has affected their psychological development and
behavior as well.
The
drastic increase in the number of orphans in Iraq. The Ministry of
Labor and Social Affairs estimated the number of Iraqi orphans to be
around 4.5 million [37]. Other estimates put them at around 5
million. About 500,000 of those orphans live on the streets without
any home or family or specialized institutions to take care of them.
Among these orphans, 700 are in Iraqi prisons and another 100 in
American prisons [37].
The
problems of families who were forced to migrate and the impact on
their children. Since the invasion of Iraq, there have been about
2.2 million internally displaced people who were forced to migrate
due to sectarian violence, American violence, etc. Well over two
million other Iraqis were driven out of Iraq [16]. On November 20,
2007 UNESCO reports indicated that the number Iraqi children taking
refuge in Syria alone was around 300,000 [38]. The problems of
children migrated by force represent a real humanitarian crisis
where a large number of families have no shelter, no finances, no
health care, no education, and no security of any kind.
3.
Deterioration of the Living Conditions of Displaced Iraqi Children
This
case study was conducted by the author with the help of the Iraqi
Women Will body (IWW), an Iraqi NGO fighting for Iraqi women’s
rights inside and outside of Iraq.
The
author and her assistant conducted door to door visits to the
families who answered the questionnaire.
In
October 2009, around 300 copies of the questionnaire displayed in
Annex 1 was distributed to Iraqi families within the Yarmouk refugee
area of Damascus, Syria. The researchers visited these families to
ensure the accuracy of the answers and to conduct personal
interviews.
Of
the 300 distributed questionnaires, only 120 were answered as many
families were fearful of giving detailed information such as the
names and address of their children in fear of being exposed to
further assault by sectarian militias or the security forces of the
occupation assigned government.
Of
the 120 answered questionnaires, 94 of them were completely analyzed
with full information regarding the names and addresses of the
children who answered the questionnaires.
The
age range of the studied child population varied from 2 years of age
to 18 years of age. The number of girls was 44, or 46.8% of the
research population, while the boys numbered 50, or 53.2% of the
population.
The
questionnaire shown in (Appendix-1) covered the following aspects:
Personal
identification of the child, including the name, age, sex and place
of birth.
Social
status of the child’s family members.
Educational
status of the children interviewed.
Financial
status of the families of the children.
Health
status of the children.
Table-1:
places of birth of the children included in this study:
Place
of Birth
|
Baghdad
|
Basra
|
Saladin
|
Refused
to Reveal
|
Syria
|
No.
of Children
|
52
|
7
|
4
|
29
|
2
|
As
we can see most of the displaced children within the studied group
are from the city Baghdad, which faced the highest rates of raids,
killing, and sectarian violence under the occupation.
Table-2
Causes of the parent(s) death of the studied children population:
|
No.
of dead parent(s)
|
Causes
|
Rate
|
29
|
Killed by
sectarian militias and death squads
|
67.4
|
6
|
Killed by gangs
and criminals
|
13.9
|
4
|
Killed by car
explosions
|
9
|
3
|
Direct killing
by American forces
|
6.9
|
1
|
Direct killing
by Iraqi security forces
|
2.8
|
Total
|
43
|
-
|
%100
|
From
Table 2, and answers from the rest of the members of the studied
group, we can conclude the below:
43.6%
of the children’s families in the studied group left Iraq in
fear for their lives after the killing of members of their immediate
family and/or the illegal arrest of others by the occupation forces.
12.8%
of the children’s families in the studied group were forced to
leave their residential areas.
11.7%
of the children in the studied group left the country due to a lack
of services, security, and law enforcement.
In
other words 75.5% of the children in the studied group were forced
to migrate from their living areas in Iraq.
Sources
of Family Income:
Table-3:
The Financial Status of the Families of the Studied Children
No.
of families
|
Financial
responsibilities
|
Rate
%
|
21
|
Retirement
pension of one of the parents
|
22.3
|
24
|
Women's
responsibility +UN support fees
|
25.5
|
17
|
Only UN support
fees
|
18.1
|
7
|
All the above
|
7.5
|
4
|
Fathers
responsibility with UN support fees
|
4.2
|
21
|
UN Support +
children working + selling personal belongings
|
22.4
|
94
|
total
|
%100
|
Table
3 shows that the families of the children have no steady income. Most
of the families sold their homes and other belongings in Iraq to
begin a life in refuge. Later, it became very hard to maintain
supporting the children without jobs and any kind of financial
security. Some of the families receive a retirement pension ranging
between $200 - $400 a month for the parent, or grandparent if they
are living with them.
Another
source of income for some families is UN financial support of about
$100 / month plus $10 additional per child.
For
the above reasons, many children within the studied group have to
work to help sustain their families.
As
can be seen from Table 3, the financial status of most of these
families is much below the average standard of living, even though
the majority of the children’s parents are university level
degree holders (i.e. teachers, engineers, etc.).
We
can also conclude that most of these families cannot afford the most
basic of necessities like quality food, medical care, and a safe,
healthy residence.
Educational
Status of the Children:
As
most of the children within the studied group are from educated
families with proper degrees, the survey indicated that in spite of
financial struggles, these families attempted to maintain a fair
education for their children. Table 4 shows the educational status of
the children within the studied group.
Table-4:
Educational status of the children in the studied group
No.
of children
|
Educational
level
|
Rate
%
|
50
|
Elementary
school
|
53.2
|
17
|
Primary high
schools
|
18
|
6
|
High schools
|
6.4
|
21
|
Left school to
work or family cannot afford their expenses
|
22.4
|
94
|
Total
|
%100
|
As
can be seen, 22.4% of the children could not maintain their education
due to extreme financial difficulties which resulted in parents being
unable to afford even the free education being offered for all Iraqi
refugees in Syria. (i.e. parents could not afford the very basic
supplies, transportation fees, etc.). Other children were forced into
labor in order to help their families survive.
For
many Iraqi refugee families, we can see that continuing the education
of their children is a luxury that cannot be afforded with the day to
day struggle to feed and clothe children with very limited financial
aid.
Health
and Medical Care Status:
Along
with the educational and financial issues these families face, the
survey indicated serious health problems amongst the studied child
population.
Table
5 below shows the health status of the studied population.
Table-5:
Health Status of the Children Within the Studied Group
No.
of children
|
Health
problems
|
Rate
|
5
|
Congenital
malformations
|
5.3
|
5
|
Children
leukemia and respiratory problems
|
5.3
|
2
|
Disabilities
caused by military operation injuries
|
2.2
|
32
|
Mental and
psychological diseases
|
34
|
44
|
Total
|
46.8
|
Table
5 clearly indicates that 46.8% of the studied children face
serious health issues. The highest numbers of disabilities are the
psychological and mental disorders these children face. The major
cause of these issues is the result of occupation force violence,
raids, deaths and killings of family members, sometimes in front of
the children. Another cause of mental instability is drastic change
in the standard of living of these children.
The
survey also revealed that only 21 of the 44 health issues faced by
the population under study received any form of medical treatment by
the Iraqi Red Crescent, UNICEF, and free Syrian healthcare hospitals.
In all other cases, medical treatment could not be afforded and was
not offered.
Final
Remarks:
For
two decades, the US administration and its allies have been
committing genocide amongst the Iraqi population, including the
children [39], [40]. The planned genocide began with imposing brutal
economic sanctions that crippled a growing nation, and ended with the
occupation of Iraq. During this period, intentional, criminal acts
against humanity have been committed repeatedly and purposely by the
American administration.
Crimes
against civilians included even the children of Iraq. These crimes
included the destruction of the essentials of civilian
infrastructure, exposing children to hunger, famines, pollution of
the environment with radiological and persistent toxicants,
initiating and promoting sectarian massacres, the killing and torture
committed by occupation forces, and forcefully displacing over five
million Iraqis.
The
excessive and unnecessary use of power against the civilian
population, and the intentional targeting of even unborn children, is
an indication of a premeditated plan to depopulate Iraq. Depopulating
Iraq works in favor of some of the pro-occupation minorities such as
the Kurds. Under the protection of the American occupation and
Israeli Mossad stationed in Iraqi Kurdistan since 1991, the Kurds are
extending their territories through daily killing, bombing and
kidnapping Arabs, Turkmen, Christians, Assyrians, and Yazidis in the
neighboring territories of Kirkuk, Dialah, Kut, Mosul and other areas
within the plan of Kurdish territorial expansion. Children in these
areas live in an environment of total chaos, violence and terror.
Of
course, depopulation of Third World countries known to have high
population growth rates is an active agenda of American Foreign
Policy, as was stated by Dr. Henry Kissinger, who wrote:
"Depopulation should be the highest priority of US Foreign
Policy towards the Third World [41]".
The
direct and indirect killing of about three million Iraqis [42] [43]
since 1991 to control its resources and initiate major demographic
changes is a criminal act. The international community is urged to
stop this genocide.
The
genocide will stop only when t
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